This method is useful to maintain a temperature above the ambient temperature because the circuit has only control over the lower limit of temperature. The heater remains OFF if the temperature is above the minimum value and it switches ON only when the temperature value drops to the minimum value (In the code, the value of “heater_on_temperature”) then the heater starts and it remains ON until the temperature value reaches a value to the optimum level (“heater_off_temperature”). That is the temperature will be always maintained above the minimum level. This heater control arrangement is useful to maintain the temperature above a particular limit. So any heating or cooling mechanism with an external DC or AC supply can be used in the circuit make sure the load rating is not exceeding the rating of the relay module. Both fan and heater are driven using a 5V relay module, the digital pin of the Arduino gives the signal to the relay modules. Here an NTC thermistor is used to measure the temperature, refer to Measure temperature using Arduino and NTC thermistor.
If the ambient temperature is above or below the set temperature it automatically operates the cooling or heating mechanism to bring down or raise the temperature to the desired level. It works by measuring the ambient temperature using a thermal sensor and controlling the heating or cooling mechanism so as to maintain the set temperature range. A temperature controller is a device used to regulate the temperature of an object, space inside a container or room, etc.
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